Actualmente, la discusión sobre los problemas éticos de las nuevas tecnologías suele enfocarse en los dilemas que, de manera concreta y generalmente aislada, supone el uso de unas y otras tecnologías; frente a ello, lo que se propone en este artículo es considerar la problematicidad de nuestro entramado tecnológico, dentro de lo que podemos denominar “nuestra tecnosfera”, para, de ese modo, discutir nuestro presente como un horizonte problemático, en que se redefine el sentido ético de la realidad antropológica. De este (...) modo, y contando como referente teórico la reflexión sobre la técnica de Zubiri y de Ellacuría, proponemos la idea de “hacerse verdaderamente cargo del mundo” como medio para repensar éticamente las nuevas tecnologías (nuestras). (shrink)

Mostramos el valor de los estudios biográficos para comprender los modos de ser sujetos en comunidades de diversa tolerancia hacia las prácticas homoeróticas. El texto reflexiona sobre la constitución de comunidades imaginarias a partir de trabajos etnográficos en comunidades indígenas; la participación de medios de comunicación; las injerencias de ONG sobre la comunidad zapoteca, en especial en Juchitán, tierra de tolerancias sexual hacia los muxes. Los muxes cumplen diversas tares sociales y culturales, son hombres con prácticas homoeróticas con otros hombres (...) que ni ellos ni el grupo social considera homosexuales. Los zapotecas forman parte de los grupos originarios del sur de México, tienen fuerte presencia en el país en su conjunto, desarrollan prácticas de amplia participación de la mujer, tanto así que algunos científicos sociales la han denominado cultura matriarcal. En el presente documento se discuten seis asuntos sobre la región a partir de argumentos generados por un miembro de amplio reconocimiento en la región de Juchitán: 1) la valoración del rol de la mujer al considerar que es un grupo con prácticas matriarcales; 2) el mito del paraíso de la izquierda; 3) el mito del paraíso gay; 4) la idea de un tercer sexo; 5) la idea de aceptación generalizada de los muxes; 6) la generalización del travestismo. Finalmente, se plantean algunos efectos de la intervención de los científicos sociales, de los medios de difusión masiva y de las ONG sobre la profesionalización del pueblo para dar respuesta a la diversidad de intereses de los externos a la comunidad. (shrink)

La autonomía es parte esencial de la fundamentación moral de la sociedad contemporánea y ha dado lugar en el ámbito asistencial a un nuevo modelo de relación y de toma de decisiones clínicas. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer el significado de la autonomía del paciente a través de la distinción de tres dimensiones: autonomía decisoria, autonomía informativa y autonomía funcional o ejecutiva, la periodización de su evolución normativa a lo largo de tres etapas, y la propuesta de (...) cuestiones o desafíos que merecen ser objeto de estudio y aplicación en el futuro. (shrink)

One of the objectives in the field of artificial intelligence for some decades has been the development of artificial agents capable of coexisting in harmony with people and other systems. The computing research community has made efforts to design artificial agents capable of doing tasks the way people do, tasks requiring cognitive mechanisms such as planning, decision-making, and learning. The application domains of such software agents are evident nowadays. Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their environment as (...) unmanned vehicles, intelligent houses, and humanoid robots capable of caring for people. In this context, research in the field of machine ethics has become more than a hot topic. Machine ethics focuses on developing ethical mechanisms for artificial agents to be capable of engaging in moral behavior. However, there are still crucial challenges in the development of truly Artificial Moral Agents. This paper aims to show the current status of Artificial Moral Agents by analyzing models proposed over the past two decades. As a result of this review, a taxonomy to classify Artificial Moral Agents according to the strategies and criteria used to deal with ethical problems is proposed. The presented review aims to illustrate (1) the complexity of designing and developing ethical mechanisms for this type of agent, and (2) that there is a long way to go (from a technological perspective) before this type of artificial agent can replace human judgment in difficult, surprising or ambiguous moral situations. (shrink)

The 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry’s report Future of the Chemical Sciences presents four different scenarios for the future of chemistry: chemistry saves the world; push-button chemistry; a world without chemists; and free market chemistry. In this paper we ethically assess them. If chemistry is to solve many of the greatest challenges facing the contemporary world, prioritization of research topics will need to be done explicitly on the basis of moral values, ​​such as solidarity and equity, but also environmental (...) justice, which will have to be central in determining a research agenda for chemistry. The decentralization of chemistry will also present ethical challenges to the research standards established by the scientific community. Ethical education in chemistry may help counteract these risks. We also argue that if chemistry and its subdisciplines are to fulfil their goal of generating knowledge and helping us solve the great challenges of the contemporary world, then it is ethically imperative that scientists from different disciplines be more open to interdisciplinary work. Finally, if the future of chemistry is in free market forms, then it is necessary that we pay more attention to the possible risks that this model has. We call attention to two: first, it is likely that problems that affect the lowest income countries or the most disadvantaged sectors of society, who do not have the means to pay for some of the goods and services, will not be addressed; second, the free market tends to foster unsustainable forms of development. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to analyze Book III of Bernard of Clairvaux 's treatise De consideratione dedicated to his former disciple, the Pope Eugenius IIL In this particular Book, Bernard considers, on the one hand, the principal duties of the Roman Pontíff concerning spiritual affairs and, on the other reflects about the main problems that at the time were prejudicial of the good order as well as of the religious and moral life and peace expected in the (...) interior of the Ecclesia/Christianitas. The author of the article infers from this analysis that the Doctor Mellífiuous clearly supports the thesis that the Pope must not exercise the fullness of power in spiritualibus (much less in temporalibus), even though there were reasons that could justífy actions of this kind, because they do not have a basis in Scripture nor in Justice; neither does it consider the utility it might have for the faithful, or their sense of decency. The article also underlines the importance and the posterior reception of this Book III in the political writings of William of Ockham and of Marsilius of Padua against the pontifical hierocracy during the first half of the XIV century. (shrink)

Este trabajo es continuador de la línea de investigación sobre la filosofía del derecho alemana contemporánea llevada a cabo por el autor, a través del análisis de cuestiones clásicas de la filosofía del derecho. Para ello, se aborda la concepción de la pena de muerte en el pensamiento jurídico-filosófico de Arthur Kaufmann, el cual abordó esta problemática en relación con el contenido esencial del derecho a la vida y el debate doctrinal de posguerra. El artículo está dividido en las siguientes (...) partes: en primer lugar, se analiza, desde un punto de vista jurídico-filosófico, la evolución histórica de la pena de muerte a la centrando la atención en los fundamentos para su abolición y las posiciones a favor de su mantenimiento. En segundo lugar, se establecen similitudes y diferencias, en el entendimiento de la pena capital, entre la teología moral contemporánea, el pensamiento de Aquino y la obra de Arthur Kaufmann. A continuación, en base a una visión comparativa, se expone cómo el autor alemán, a la vez que mantiene una concepción católica ante la pena de muerte y la culpa sin pena, sigue la senda dejada por su maestro Radbruch, siendo en este tema no necesariamente incoherente. Por último, se establecen algunas conclusiones. (shrink)

El motivo central de la Teoría Crítica de la Escuela de Francfort fue el concepto de dialéctica de la Ilustración. Pero la amenaza de un mundo completamente administrado por el impulso de una racionalidad formal se vuelve asimismo hacia las instancias críticas: ¿dónde puede hallarse el criterio independiente capaz de desvelar, por contraste, la mecánica del avasallamiento total de la modernización? La Teoría Crítica lo buscó a la vez en el espíritu moral de una Ilustración humanista y en el (...) horizonte del movimiento comunista internacional liderado por la URSS. Esta balance se truncó trágicamente ante la evidencia de la "perversión soviética del contenido humano del socialismo revolucionario". La extrema ambigüedad que esta situación produjo en la lógica del pensamiento de la Teoría Crítica, extiende sus consecuencias hasta un presente que asiste a la exclusión forzada de todo proyecto fehacientemente revolucionario del panorama político occidental. (shrink)

El motivo central de la Teoría Crítica de la Escuela de Francfort fue el concepto de dialéctica de la Ilustración. Pero la amenaza de un mundo completamente administrado por el impulso de una racionalidad formal se vuelve asimismo hacia las instancias críticas: ¿dónde puede hallarse el criterio independiente capaz de desvelar, por contraste, la mecánica del avasallamiento total de la modernización? La Teoría Crítica lo buscó a la vez en el espíritu moral de una Ilustración humanista y en el (...) horizonte del movimiento comunista internacional liderado por la URSS. Esta balance se truncó trágicamente ante la evidencia de la perversión soviética del contenido humano del socialismo revolucionario. La extrema ambigüedad que esta situación produjo en la lógica del pensamiento de la Teoría Crítica, extiende sus consecuencias hasta un presente que asiste a la exclusión forzada de todo proyecto fehacientemente revolucionario del panorama político occidental. (shrink)

El motivo central de la Teoría Crítica de la Escuela de Francfort fue el concepto de dialéctica de la Ilustración. Pero la amenaza de un mundo completamente administrado por el impulso de una racionalidad formal se vuelve asimismo hacia las instancias críticas: ¿dónde puede hallarse el criterio independiente capaz de desvelar, por contraste, la mecánica del avasallamiento total de la modernización? La Teoría Crítica lo buscó a la vez en el espíritu moral de una Ilustración humanista y en el (...) horizonte del movimiento comunista internacional liderado por la URSS. Esta balance se truncó trágicamente ante la evidencia de la perversión soviética del contenido humano del socialismo revolucionario. La extrema ambigüedad que esta situación produjo en la lógica del pensamiento de la Teoría Crítica, extiende sus consecuencias hasta un presente que asiste a la exclusión forzada de todo proyecto fehacientemente revolucionario del panorama político occidental. (shrink)

El trabajo presenta un modelo de psicología moral a partir del análisis del libro primero de las Leyes de Platón y, en particular, de la imagen de la marioneta. Entre los intérpretes contemporáneos se debate sobre si esta imagen compromete una comprensión de la templanza como “victoria” sobre los placeres o si más bien respalda una comprensión de esta virtud como “acuerdo” entre estos y la razón. Para responder a esta cuestión, se recurrirá a la psicología bipartita del Filebo. (...) Esto permitirá reconocer, en la educación de la virtud, el conflicto entre afectos y, en el resultado de este proceso educativo, el acuerdo entre razón y afectividad. (shrink)

El presente artículo discute algunos aspectos del nuevo paradigma del derecho de resistencia en diversas constituciones contemporáneas de Europa y América Latina. En primer lugar, abordamos el concepto y la regulación constitucional del derecho de resistencia en diferentes países. En segundo lugar, examinamos su carácter jurídico, esto es, si se trata de un derecho moral o un derecho propiamente jurídico. Para determinados autores, resulta plausible considerar el derecho a la resistencia como un derecho estrictamente jurídico, pero pensamos que ese (...) argumento es erróneo. Desde una perspectiva más amplia, nos pregun- tamos sobre el deber de resistir contra el Estado de derecho, incluso en el caso de que los poderes aparezcan como formalmente respetuosos de las reglas creadas por las institucio- nes democráticas. Se trata esencialmente de un problema acerca de la concepción de los derechos en las democracias consolidadas y no consolidadas. En este sentido, proponemos una perspectiva compatible con el Estado de derecho que distinga entre desobediencia civil y derecho de resistencia, evitando postular teorías sobre los derechos desde la f ilosofía política. En este contexto, nuestra tesis es más desobediencia civil y menos derecho de resistencia. Por último, la parte cuarta indica algunas conclusiones. (shrink)

Un pasaje singular y específico de la introducción general de Maimónides a la Guía de perplejos, en la versión cuatrocentista de Pedro de Toledo, sirve como punto de partida en este artículo para la indagación en una problemática esencial vinculada al Moré nebujim desde sus orígenes: la dualidad esotérico/exotérico como raíz primordial y distintiva de las enseñanzas que contiene. Explorar los límites y el contenido de esta distinción en el pensamiento maimonidiano nos confronta con un haz fascinante de problemáticas de (...) enorme importancia filosófica, de naturaleza gnoseológica, teológico-política y moral. A ellas nos acercaremos de modo crítico, en la búsqueda de una dilucidación del sentido que el secreto y la ocultación tiene para Maimónides, así como para sus intérpretes. (shrink)

Al abordar el estudio de la obra de Primo Levi, encontramos, ligada al núcleo de referencias que tienen como fuente su experiencia como superviviente del Holocausto, una temática singular, concebida por el autor como ejemplo de respuesta de la razón humana frente a la barbarie. El trabajo creativo, el mundo de los oficios, recorre como profunda reivindicación moral toda la obra de Levi, siendo la línea de fuerza positiva más importante que puede hallarse en la misma. En el presente (...) artículo vamos a abordar críticamente este fecundo ámbito de referencialidad, analizando su concepción, sus vinculaciones y sus límites. (shrink)

In order to clarify the relationship between morality and law, it is necessary to define both concepts precisely. Cultural realities refer to concepts which are more specifically defined if we focus towards the genealogy of those realities, that is to say, their motivation, function and aim. Should we start from legal anthropology, comparative law and history of law, law arises as a social technique which coactively imposes ways of solving conflicts, protecting fundamental values for a society's co-existence. Values subject to (...) being protected are proposed by morality, the latter making subordination of law to morality inevitable. This explains that a great number of modern constitutions include a reference to fundamental moral values, that is to say, they have explicitly positivised moral contents. Legal reasoning, at all levels and expressions, needs to appeal to the aforementioned values. Constitutional reasoning, international law, legislative activity and judicial practice are studied to verify the latter. This subordination of law to morality sets out a serious problem: moralities are cultural realities which are only valid for a specific society. In order for law not to fall in a not very rational legal relativism, law should not be subordinated to morality, but to ethics, the latter understood as cross-cultural morality. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a step forward in this sense. (shrink)

The importance of the collective management of immaterial resources is a key variable in the valorisation of products in a post-industrial economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how, in post-industrial economies, it is possible to devise alternative forms of mediation between producers and consumers, such as organic farmers' markets, to curb the appropriation of rent by transnational and/or local business elites from the value created by immaterial resources. More specifically, we analyse those aspects of the collective management (...) of ethical values that, in the case of organic farmers' markets, can be a strategic source of competitive advantage for local producers. In this paper, the Ecomercado de Granada is studied as an example of mediation between production and consumption in a post-industrial economy. (shrink)

This paper aims to extend the dialogue between social intuitionism and the genetic perspectives of moral psychology, pointing out the contributions and limitations of each one to advance in the understanding of the formulation and transformation of moral judgments. An examination of how the relations between the subject and the object of knowledge have been approached in the light of the contributions of constructivist psychological tradition has been proposed. The relations between emotions, reasoning, and the specific social situation (...) in which such cognitive processes take place it will be examined, taking up particularly the contributions of cultural psychology. By critically examining the three theoretical perspectives, it was possible to point out their contributions and limitations, as well as to appreciate the undoubted contribution of social intuitionism to moral psychology, its limitations and to elucidate the theses that shape this theory. It is precisely by examining the relationships, convergences and profound differences between social intuitionism, constructivism, and cultural psychology in their approaches to moral judgment that it is possible to contribute to promoting their revision and elucidation. (shrink)

This paper aims to extend the dialogue between social intuitionism and the genetic perspectives of moral psychology, pointing out the contributions and limitations of each one to advance in the understanding of the formulation and transformation of moral judgments. An examination of how the relations between the subject and the object of knowledge have been approached in the light of the contributions of constructivist psychological tradition has been proposed. The relations between emotions, reasoning, and the specific social situation (...) in which such cognitive processes take place it will be examined, taking up particularly the contributions of cultural psychology. By critically examining the three theoretical perspectives, it was possible to point out their contributions and limitations, as well as to appreciate the undoubted contribution of social intuitionism to moral psychology, its limitations and to elucidate the theses that shape this theory. It is precisely by examining the relationships, convergences and profound differences between social intuitionism, constructivism, and cultural psychology in their approaches to moral judgment that it is possible to contribute to promoting their revision and elucidation. (shrink)

RESUMENLa introducción que Platón hace en Gorgias de cada nuevo interlocutor se interpreta, por quien sustituye al anterior, como una rendición por aiskhos frente a Sócrates. Los estudios clásicos han entendido que la pretensión de Platón es mostrar paso a paso lo que se oculta tras la apariencia de la retórica, y por eso hace más radicales a sus representantes, para conseguir la asociación inconsciente en la mente del lector de que tras la máscara de Gorgias se esconde Calicles. Sin (...) embargo, según nuestra interpretación, Platón no deseaba tanto mostrarnos la faz oculta de la retórica cuando combatir tres rentes retóricos que partían de distintos presupuestos sobre la moral. PALABRAS CLAVEPLATÓN-GORGIAS-RETÓRICA-SOFISTAABSTRACTIn Gorgias the introduction Plato makes of each new interlocutors is interpreted by the successive speaker as a surrender on the part of the prvious one due to aiskhos before Socrates' arguments. Classical studies have explanied that Plato aims to show step by step what is hidden under the appearance of Rhetoric. That is why he makes its representatives more radical in order to produce, in the reader's mind, the unconcious association that Callicles is hidden behind Gorgias' mask. Neverthless, according to our interpretation, Plato did not intend to show us the hidden face of rhetoric but to combat three rhetorical fronts wich originated in different moral assumptions.KEYWORDSPLATO-GORGIAS-RHETORIC-SOPHIST. (shrink)

RESUMEN El trabajo presenta un modelo de psicología moral a partir del análisis del libro primero de las Leyes de Platón y, en particular, de la imagen de la marioneta. Entre los intérpretes contemporáneos se debate sobre si esta imagen compromete una comprensión de la templanza como "victoria" sobre los placeres o si más bien respalda una comprensión de esta virtud como "acuerdo" entre estos y la razón. Para responder a esta cuestión, se recurrirá a la psicología bipartita del (...) Filebo. Esto permitirá reconocer, en la educación de la virtud, el conflicto entre afectos y, en el resultado de este proceso educativo, el acuerdo entre razón y afectividad. ABSTRACT The article presents a moral psychology model on the basis of the analysis of the first book of Plato's Laws, particularly of the image of the puppet. Contemporary interpreters have been debating whether that image entails an understanding of temperance as a "victory" over pleasures, or whether it supports an understanding of that virtue as an "agreement" between pleasures and reason. In order to answer that question, the article resorts to the twofold psychology of the Philebus. This makes it possible to recognize the conflict among affects, in education in virtue, and the agreement between reason and affectivity, in the result of that educational process. (shrink)

Primo Levi has emerged as one of the most incisive and humanly candid intellects among those writers who experienced the Holocaust and survived to tell about it. His classically concise, sober and lean style is reflective of a mind that insists on being guided by reason and civility. To express himself in a rational, clear and composed manner signified for Levi a moral victory over the Shoá and gave and additional dimension of validity to his own survival. Leviʼs insistence (...) on the writer as witness and communicator, like the definition of the artist as builder of alternative worlds, retains some coherent vision of the social order and mandated relationship between history and art. In his finals years, his sense of despair and disillusion is also reflected by his increasing references to the black holes, and image he uses metaphorically to express the dark void of recent history and the charge of no-meaning and death in human life. (shrink)

En este artículo se ofrece una visión de conjunto de la obra de Ibn Daud con el propósito de reflejar las consecuencias, limitaciones e incongruencias de su peculiar racionalismo filosófico, afanado en la defensa de la tradición religiosa judía. Aceptando la idea de que su filosofía y su historiografía constituyen una unidad, marcada esta por un propósito apologético, analizaremos las relaciones entre la libertad individual, la praxis moral y el devenir de la historia. La indagación sobre la libertad humana (...) y el sentido de la historia es indiscernible, en la obra de Ibn Daud, el primero de los peripatéticos judíos, si no se atiende al papel que el autor confiere a la voluntad divina en la determinación de las mismas y a los límites que establece entre lo fiducial y lo racional. (shrink)

O presente trabalho analisa o programaético de santo Antônio no que se refere aomodo de vida do clero regular. O texto básico é odos 'Sermones dominicales' e dos 'Sermonesfestivi'. Neles percebe-se que, para o santo.oclero secular, o clero regular, os leigos e a 'SocietasChristiana' precisavam de uma reforma doscostumes, de acordo com a reforma pastoral,moral e religiosa proposta pelo N Concilio deLatrão para toda a Cristandade, e implementadapelos papas Honório III e Gregório IX,tendo como agentes pastorais os dominicanos eos (...) franciscanos. (shrink)

Sentido ontológico de la paz. -- Sé lo que eres. -- Univresidad, humanidades, humanismo. -- Luces de Heráclito el oscuro. -- Bergson : psicología, moral, religión. -- Tolstoi, un hombre humanizado. -- Porras : el hombre venicó al ministro.

Challenges to Legal Theory offers the reader a fascinating journey though a variety of multi-disciplinary topics, ranging from law and literature, and law and religion, to legal philosophy and constitutional law. The collection reflects some of the challenges that the field of legal theory currently faces. It is compiled by a selection of international and Spanish scholars, whose essays are made available in English translation for the first time. The volume is based on a collection of essays, published in Spanish, (...) in honour of Professor José Iturmendi Morales, of Complutense University, Madrid, and brings the rich scholarship of pre-eminent Spanish scholars of law and legal theory to an international audience. (shrink)

Introduction: Ethical conflict is a phenomenon that has been under study over the last three decades, especially the types moral dilemma and moral distress in the field of nursing care. However, ethical problems and their idiosyncrasies need to be further explored. Aim: The objectives of this study were, first, to obtain a transcultural Portuguese-language adaptation and validation of the Ethical Conflict Nursing Questionnaire–Critical Care Version and, second, to analyse Portuguese critical care nurses’ level of exposure to ethical conflict (...) and its characteristics. Methods: A cross-cultural validation and descriptive, prospective and correlational study. The sample was made for 184 critical care nurses in 2016. Ethical Considerations: The study was authorised by Bioethics Commission of the University of Barcelona, the Associaçâo de Apoio ao Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do Centro Hospitalar do Porto and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental. Findings: The Portuguese version of the Ethical Conflict Nursing Questionnaire–Critical Care Version was a valid and reliable instrument to measure exposure to conflict. Moral outrage was the most common type of conflict. The most problematic situations were the ineffectiveness of analgesic treatments, the administration of treatments considered futile and the mismanagement of resources. (shrink)

The subversion of tradition of ethics carried out by Kant in his Critique of Practical Reason is, according to Lacan, the intelligibility background on which it is possible a science of the subject as developed by Freud. This would be shown up in a particularly effective way if comparing Kant’s moral theory with Sade’s antimoral one. It is not difficult to show the formal-structural identity of the state of affairs established by inconditionality of law in both theoretical systems, and (...) thus expose the possibility of that anti-moral as a kind of Kantian variation. Moreover, Lacan holds, it is necessary to recognize in Sade’s Philosophy in the Bedroom the truth of Critique of Practical Reason. Our study proposes an examination of this well-known Lacanian thesis. On the one hand, we seek to establish the exact content of this thesis and the diagnosis of the relationship that it involves between Kant and Freud (between Enlightenment and psychoanalysis). On the other hand, we seek to confront that diagnosis with the reconstruction of the specific terms of the practical subject question in Kant’s philosophy. The ultimate aim is at least to raise a question about the place of the concept of “Reason” in psychoanalysis, that is, about the margin that the truth of the subject discovered by this theory leaves for making the difference (at least de iure) between the weight of reason and the illusions of moral masochism, and about the very conditions of psychoanalysis as a theory. (shrink)

Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children from Castro del Río, aged between 11 and 12 years, participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility (...) test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence. These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development. (shrink)

Isaac de Pinto was an active financier, economist and homme de lettres. Descending from a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, he lived in Amsterdam, Paris and London. Throughout his life, he enjoyed close relationships and made regular contact with important figures of the European Enlightenment. The main purpose of this article is to show that the concern with the Jewish problems, namely those relating to the difficult economic situation of the Portuguese nation in Amsterdam in the second half of the (...) eighteenth century, is a key factor in explaining the ongoing moral and apologetic dialogues that Isaac de Pinto maintained separately with Voltaire and Diderot. ☆ The authors are most grateful for the comments and suggestions provided by Antoin Murphy and two referees of this journal. The usual disclaimer applies. (shrink)

Isaac de Pinto was an active financier, economist and homme de lettres. Descending from a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, he lived in Amsterdam, Paris and London. Throughout his life, he enjoyed close relationships and made regular contact with important figures of the European Enlightenment. The main purpose of this article is to show that the concern with the Jewish problems, namely those relating to the difficult economic situation of the Portuguese nation in Amsterdam in the second half of the (...) eighteenth century, is a key factor in explaining the ongoing moral and apologetic dialogues that Isaac de Pinto maintained separately with Voltaire and Diderot. ☆ The authors are most grateful for the comments and suggestions provided by Antoin Murphy and two referees of this journal. The usual disclaimer applies. (shrink)

Scientific research is growingly increasingly reliant on "microwork" or "crowdsourcing" provided by digital platforms to collect new data. Digital platforms connect clients and workers, charging a fee for an algorithmically managed workflow based on Terms of Service agreements. Although these platforms offer a way to make a living or complement other sources of income, microworkers lack fundamental labor rights and basic safe working conditions, especially in the Global South. We ask how researchers and research institutions address the ethical issues involved (...) in considering microworkers as "human participants." We argue that current scientific research fails to treat microworkers in the same way as in-person human participants, producing de facto a double morality: one applied to people with rights acknowledged by states and international bodies (e.g., the Helsinki Declaration), the other to guest workers of digital autocracies who have almost no rights at all. We illustrate our argument by drawing on 57 interviews conducted with microworkers in Spanish-speaking countries. (shrink)